I understand that it makes a 'V' sound but how would you say it in a phrase like this: в шесть часов. When I hear people say it, 'в' sounds almost nonexistent and it's hard for me to distinguish between в шесть часов and шесть часов
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In Russian consonants can be split into voiced (media) consonants and muffled (breath) consonants.
When there are no vowels after voiced consonants they are turned into muffled. It's called оглушение (muffling).
Voiced - muffled
б - п
в - ф
г - к (х in some dialects)
д - т
ж - ш
з - с
Other consonants do not make the transition in any case.
When transcribed the phrase sounds like this:
ф шэс'т' ч'(и/э)соф
Consonant sound with ' means palatalised sound.
(и/э) means и with э overtone, the same way as unstressed о produces о with а overtone.
The spoken language differs a lot from the written one. For you it is best to pronounce the single в sound distinctively like Ve or just like v at the end of a word. It is not wrong to speak clearly. You are a foreigner anyway who just wants to be understood.
Usually they just pronounce the 'в' very fast, or even omit the sound. Anyway it is pretty silent.
There's another Russian word, 'вша' (louse). Same story, the 'в' is said very fast but the 'в' is certainly there. Without pronouncing the 'в' the word would distinctively sound 'ша' and it would be different. I mean, Russians would tell the difference.
There are a few sounds in Russian that you really need a native teacher to help you with. Language audios don't really do the trick.
When you hear to the speech, listen to intonation, it reveals all of meanings :))
It has no sence then. Ours would tell only v shest that is in sex without oclock.
perhaps this link will be helpful
http://masterrussian.com/aa081201b.shtml